阿爾茨海?。ˋlzheimer’s Disease, AD)是一種隱匿、緩慢的神經(jīng)退行性疾病,是老年失智癥中最為常見的一種,據(jù)估計約占總失智病例的60%—80%[1]。短期記憶障礙是AD最常見的早期癥狀,其標志性的病理特征是大腦神經(jīng)元外部淀粉樣斑塊沉積和神經(jīng)元內(nèi)部tau蛋白過度磷酸化導致的神經(jīng)原纖維纏結(jié)。隨病程的發(fā)展,患者逐漸喪失溝通能力、判斷力、方向感和生活的自理能力,最終失去語言功能、活動能力和吞咽能力[1]。
截至2015 年,全世界共4600 萬人患有AD。預計到2050 年,全球患病人數(shù)將增加到1.3億,總醫(yī)療成本超1萬億美元,意味著僅AD醫(yī)療護理就可構(gòu)筑世界第18 大經(jīng)濟體[2]。目前,我國現(xiàn)存AD患者已超過1000萬,并將保持較快增長。而預計到2030 年,我國AD 患者人數(shù)將達到約1600 萬。我國已成為受AD 影響程度最大的國家。因此,深入研究AD 病因和病理機制,加速開發(fā)有效的AD 預防和診療方案,已成為我國乃至全世界神經(jīng)科醫(yī)生和生物醫(yī)藥企業(yè)的一項重要任務(wù)。
圖 1. 阿爾茨海默病的全球影響[2]
AD 的發(fā)病具隱匿性,在確診之前通常已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了15-20 年,甚至是更長時間的發(fā)展, 這一階段被稱為 AD 的“前臨床期”[3]。隨著病程不斷發(fā)展,患者發(fā)生“輕度認知障礙期”(Mild Cognitive Impairment, MCI),此時患者出現(xiàn)癥狀并進行性加重,逐步發(fā)展到“輕度癡呆期”、“中度癡呆期”和“重度癡呆期”[4-7]。由于早期癥狀缺乏特異性,臨床上對AD患者很難做到早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早治療。AD最終會是致命的,多數(shù)患者確診后的預期壽命僅有4-8 年。
圖 2. 阿爾茨海默病的病程[1]
AD 生物標志物水平的改變常發(fā)生于前臨床期。除影像學檢查外,腦脊液(Cerebrospinal Fluid, CSF) 生化分析也是 AD 篩查的常用手段[1]。相當多AD患者CSF檢查可發(fā)現(xiàn)可溶性β-淀粉樣蛋白 (β-Amyloid, Aβ),特別是Aβ42的含量下降,而總tau和磷酸化tau (p-tau) 含量上升。CSF神經(jīng)絲輕鏈蛋白 (Neurofilament Light-chain, NfL) 是一種新興的生物標志物。NfL在生理條件下分布于神經(jīng)細胞內(nèi)部。因此,釋放到CSF中NfL的異常增加被認為可以用來指示所有原因造成的神經(jīng)細胞變性[8,9]
由于血腦屏障的存在,大腦中的生物標志物很難高效地進入外周血液循環(huán),因此CSF樣本相比于血清樣本能為AD臨床診斷提供更多有價值的信息[10]。CSF中Aβ42含量下降是最早出現(xiàn)的改變,通常在患者出現(xiàn)顯著的認知障礙前若干年即可檢出,而且具有很高的診斷靈敏度,因此在AD的早期篩查方面具有很大價值[11]。此外,與單獨檢測Aβ42含量相比,腦脊液中Aβ42/Aβ40的比值與大腦淀粉樣蛋白負荷具有更高的一致性,能更好地將AD與血管性癡呆、克雅氏病、路易氏體癡呆等其他神經(jīng)退行性疾病鑒別開。因此,針對Aβ42和Aβ40等不同片段的特異性檢測,將成為下階段體外診斷發(fā)展的重要方向[12-14]。
【博奧森Aβ42相關(guān)產(chǎn)品】
Anti-Beta-Amyloid(1-42) mAb (Mouse anti Human) |
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Cat# |
Matched pair (Capture-Detection) |
Application |
V5301-V5302 |
ELISA, WB |
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V5301-V5302 |
ELISA, WB |
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V5301-V5304 |
ELISA, WB |
|
V5303-V5302 |
ELISA |
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Anti-Beta-Amyloid(1-40) mAb (Mouse anti Human) |
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—— |
ELISA, WB |
與Aβ42的下降相比,CSF中總tau和P-tau顯著上升發(fā)生在疾病進程中較晚的時間點,與臨床可檢出的癡呆癥狀出現(xiàn)的時間非常接近[11]。因此,tau蛋白相關(guān)的生物標志物很難在AD早期篩查中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。檢測CSF中tau的意義在于彌補單檢Aβ特異性差的問題。同時檢測CSF中Aβ42、總tau和p-tau181聯(lián)合判讀診斷法經(jīng)多年優(yōu)化后,敏感度和特異性均穩(wěn)定達到80%的閾值[15]。此外,一些最新研究表明:與p-tau181相比,p-tau217在鑒別AD與額顳葉癡呆患者時具有獨到的優(yōu)勢[16]。p-tau217與現(xiàn)有標志物聯(lián)合診斷可獲得診斷效率的進一步提升[17],為tau相關(guān)生物標志物的臨床應用提供了有力的證據(jù)。
【博奧森Tau相關(guān)產(chǎn)品】
Anti-Tau antibody mAb (Mouse anti Human) |
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Cat# |
Matched pair (Capture-Detection) |
Application |
V5205-V5204 |
ELISA, WB |
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V5205-V5203 |
ELISA, WB |
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V5205-V5203 |
ELISA |
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V5206-V5203 |
ELISA |
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— — |
ELISA |
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W5201-V5203 |
ELISA, WB |
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Anti-phospho-Tau (Thr217) mAb (Mouse anti Human) |
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— — |
ELISA |
NfL是神經(jīng)元完整性的另一個重要標志物,它反映了腦白質(zhì)中軸突的損傷情況。因此,NfL被認為是包括AD在內(nèi),多種神經(jīng)退行性疾病的重要標志物[18-20]。由于NfL水平與神經(jīng)細胞的損傷情況高度相關(guān),CSF中NfL含量與經(jīng)典指標聯(lián)合應用可進一步提高診斷特異性和敏感度,并為AD病理發(fā)展階的劃分提供更多依據(jù)[21]。此外,NfL是目前唯一一個被證明能直接從腦脊液轉(zhuǎn)移到血漿的標志物[22]。因此,抽取CSF之前檢測患者的血清NfL水平,很可能成為減少患者痛苦、提高醫(yī)療資源使用效率的更好方法。
【博奧森NfL相關(guān)產(chǎn)品】
Anti-NfL antibody mAb (Mouse anti Human) |
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Cat# |
Matched pair (Capture-Detection) |
Application |
V5501-V5505 |
ELISA, WB |
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— — |
ELISA, WB |
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V5503-V5505 |
ELISA, WB |
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V5505-V5504 |
ELISA, WB |
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V5505-V5504 |
ELISA, WB |
參考文獻
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